Abstract: Based on the national survey data, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional employment vulnerability in.dicator system using, the Alkire-Foster method, measures the employment vulnerability of food delivery riders, and examines the structural features of riders' employment vulnerability through the decomposition of the A-F Index. The findings reveal that: ( 1 )83.796 of food delivery riders nationwide suffer from multi-dimensional employment deprivation, with an aver.age deprivation degree of 48.396. Low work income, excessive labor intensity, and lack of labor rights protection are the keyfactors leading to the employment vulnerability of this group; (2) From the perspective of individual characteristics, femaleriders with lower education levels and local rural household registration are more vulnerable in employment; from the perspective of job nature, full-time riders and non-exclusive riders face stronger employment vulnerability:( 3 ) Further analysis shows that work income, labor intensity, and job insecurity induce the differences in employment vulnerability amongriders with diferent individual characteristics, while work income, vocational training and occupational safety lead to thedierences in employment vulnerability among riders with diflerent job characteristics. This study provides insights for moni.toring employment quality and protecting labor rights and interests among informal employment groups.

Key words: employment vulnerability, food delivery riders, Alkire-Foster method, labor rights protection, labor in-
tensity